Breast and Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer continues to be a major health concern worldwide. Over the last few decades, it has become increasingly apparent that human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly associated with cervical cancer. Several other associations have been identified between microorganism infections and cancer, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and gastric cancer, lymphoepithelioma-like cancer and Lymphomas, Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer and lymphoid tissue lymphoma associated with mucosa; and human herpesvirus 8 and Kaposi sarcoma. However, these associations have different strengths. For example, H pylori is probably indirectly related to gastric cancer— it causes a chronic infection that can eventually lead to atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer.

They're all born with a small amount of breast tissue. Breast tissue consists of milk-producing glands (lobules), ducts carrying milk to the nipples, and fat.

Women begin to develop more breast tissue during puberty, and men do not. But because men are born with a small amount of breast tissue, they may develop breast cancer

Types of breast cancer diagnosed in males include: • Cancer that begins in the milk ducts (ductal carcinoma). Almost all male breast cancers are ductal carcinoma.

• Cancer which starts in the milk-producing gland (lobular carcinoma). This form is rare in men because there are few lobules in their breast tissue.

• Certain forms of cancers. Other, more unusual types of breast cancer that can arise in men include nipple disease in Paget and inflammatory breast cancer

Cervical Cancer can be detected by Bimanual pelvic examination, Pap test, HPV typing test, Colposcopy, Biopsy, Pelvic examination under anesthesia, X-ray, Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan and Breast cancer can be detected through Breast exam, Mammogram, Breast ultrasound., Removing a sample of breast cells for testing (biopsy), Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Women should regularly self-examine their breasts in case of any lumps, change in colour near nipples and size difference in both or single breast(s) they must consult doctor, Self awareness is very important, doing proper exercises to the body maintaining, proper hygiene, having proper nutrition is the basic care that has to be taken by women for themselves and in case of cancer already attacked they need to take proper medication, Diagnosis and regular check-up will be helpful.

Breast Cancers are more understood by gynecologists than any other doctor. As such, it is important for gynecologists to undergo as much education as possible in the detection of potentially malignant breast nodules. Most gynecologists will perform a breast palpation test at the same time as they perform a Pap test.

Breast cancer screening means checking the breasts of a woman for cancer before there are signs or symptoms of the disease. The Breast Cancer Screening Chart compares the recommendations of a number of leading organizations. All women need to be informed by their health care provider of the best screening options available to them, When you are told about the benefits and risks of screening and decide with your health care provider whether the screening is right for you and, if so, when to have it, it is called informed and shared decision-making.

Mammograms can help to save lives through early detection of breast cancer. People who do not have any signs and symptoms of breast cancer may also have mammography, which is known as primary mammography. At mammography screening, two or more x-ray images of each breast are taken.Microcalcification can be identified by screening mammography which indicates the presence of Breast Cancer. Diagnostic mammogram may be used after mammogram screening to investigate symptoms in details that are detected in mammogram screening. There are also concerns related to mammography due to false-positive results, over-diagnosis and over-treatment, false-negative results, radiation exposure, etc. Screening for mammogram and diagnostic mammogram.

Many women with breast cancer have to undergo breast surgery as part of their diagnosis. There are different ins and outs due to which breast surgery to remove cancer cells consists of breast-preservation surgery and mastectomy, To find out whether the cancer spreads or spreads already, including a biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection, after removal of the cancer for breast regeneration. There are side effects of surgery.

Breast cancer activism and awareness-raising activities are a form of advocacy. Breast cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer through symptom and care education as breast cancer advocates raise funds for more patient control, better care, more information, and through education campaigns or free or low-cost services. Breast cancer culture, also referred to as pink ribbon culture, the outgrowth of breast cancer activism, is a social movement that embraces the wider women's health movement, socially aware, pro-woman people, businesses and governments to demonstrate their support for women, nutrition and traditional medicine. Industrial breast cancer causes potential contamination as a major cause, likely from pesticides, chemicals and industrial waste in groundwater.

Cervical Cancer Immunology has gained renewed interest in the last few years. Undoubtedly, the resistant form is widely recognized as a hallmark of critical cancer. Basic research has revealed new objectives that can be modulated with new compounds and methods in the clinical setting. Breast cancer (BC) has been confirmed by recent evidence. Measurement of T-infiltration lymphocytes is suggested as a powerful new tool needed to predict early BC evolution, particularly in HER2-positive and triple-negative subtypes. In addition, T-infiltration lymphocytes, genomic pathways and many other biomarkers in tissue and peripheral blood (e.g. regulatory T-cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells) are not the only variables to be evaluated. Several current clinical trials are investigating the role of immune checkpoint modulators in both advanced and neo-adjuvant BC therapy.

Nurses play an important role in the treatment of breast cancer because they can help the patient build up both physically and mentally. They can educate patients about risk factors, how to reduce them. Nurses involved in breast cancer care have an effect on early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer and serve as advocates for women with the disease.

Cancer is a vast spectrum of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth. Broadly categorized into benign tumors (unable to metastasize) or malignant tumors (possible to invade healthy tissues), cancers are further classified and graded by the cell type, tissue or organ of origin. Cancer is the number two cause of death in the United States, second only to heart disease, and the IRP is committed to advance science, building expertise and leveraging resources to address this global challenge. Our researchers are constantly learning more about the causes of cancer and discovering new and better ways to prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer.

The field of cancer Epidemiology is a diverse area of science and medical application that is constantly evolving. A key focus of Cancer Epidemiology is the quantification of disease incidence and prevalence and the assessment of outcomes such as morbidity and mortality. Typically, the objective is to identify risk factors by comparing exposure to non-exposed populations and using epidemiological techniques Including a causal inference and survival analysis to assess the risk of cancer.  Environmental factors (e.g. pesticides, electromagnetic fields, UV radiation, groundwater contamination, mercury in fish, indoor non-gas building materials, cell towers) may be associated with harmful behaviors (e.g. cigarette smoking, dietary fat anal/oral sex, alcohol use, inactivity), Consequences of modern lifestyles (poor sleep, work anxiety, marital stress), due to intrinsic immunological and genetic determinants or linked to other factors (e.g. socio-economic status, discrimination).

Detection of breast tumors during pregnancy is difficult because of hormone-influenced tissue engorgement and the tendency to limit attention to the pregnancy itself. Eight cases of breast cancer during pregnancy were seen among 12,500 pregnancies in a five-year period. All diagnoses were confirmed by surgical biopsy. Five of the eight patients detected their own tumors. Two requested abortion, but prophylactic abortion did not appear to improve outcome in the one patient with advanced disease. Seven of eight patients were between 35-40 years of age. Although based on limited experience, a plan for managing breast cancer during pregnancy is suggested. It appears that a more favorable prognosis for cure and longer periods of remission can be achieved with better breast examinations, responsible screening techniques, early diagnosis, and prompt therapy.

They are known as malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors or neurofibrosarcomas. Since neurofibrosarcoma originates in the nerves, it is considered to be part of a group of cancers called soft tissue sarcomas. Soft tissue sarcomas are rare. They make up less than 1% of all cancers diagnosed every year.

Deep max-pooling neural convolutionary networks to detect mitosis in breast histology images. Networks are equipped to identify each pixel in images, using a pixel-centric patch as a backdrop. Simple post processing is then applied to the performance of the network.

Healthy diet and weight maintenance can reduce the risk of breast cancer. Smoking during early adulthood and adolescence may increase the risk of breast cancer at the latter stage of life. Eating plant-based food and reducing alcohol consumption helps prevent breast cancer. Physical activities, particularly after menopause, such as

biking, walking, Working with children helps reduce the risk of breast cancer. Breastfeeding also decreases the risk of breast cancer. Hormone replacement therapy, the use of a contraceptive pill can increase the risk of breast cancer. Pregnancy also affects breast cancer; women who begin early are at a lower risk of breast cancer than women who give birth at a later age.

Nurses play an important role in the treatment of breast cancer because they can help the patient build up both physically and mentally. We will teach clinicians about risk factors, how to reduce them. Nurses involved in breast cancer care have an impact on early discovery and treatment of breast cancer and act as advocates for women with the disease.

Breast cancer management has different approaches that depend on the physical and biological characteristics of the disease, age, overall health and personal preferences of the patient. There are 2 types of treatment classified as local therapy (surgery and radiotherapy) and systemic therapy (chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and targeted therapy). The mainstay of breast cancer treatment is surgery for local and regional tumors, followed by a combination of radiation, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy and targeted therapy. Radiation therapy requires the use of high-vitalityx-rays or gamma rays targeting a cancer or a post-surgery tumor site. Cryoablation Effective therapies for women with small or early breast cancer.

Diagnosis of cancer at its earliest stages also provides the best hope for a cure. With this in mind, talk to your doctor about what forms of cancer screening may be suitable for you. A number of medical associations and patient advocacy groups provide recommendations and guidelines for cancer screening. Take a look at the different recommendations with your doctor, and together you can decide what's right for you based on your own cancer risk factors. After cancer has been diagnosed, the doctor must work to determine the extent (stage) of your cancer. Your doctor uses your cancer's stage to determine your treatment options and your chances for a cure.

As said “prevention is always better than cure” Many of the Breast and Cervical Cancer patients develop these due to their life styles through with carcinogens enter the body and induce cancer development. Drinking alcohol, Smoking, Overweight, Artificial Hormone intakes and not Breast feeding the babies are the main causes of Breast Cancer where as poor nutrition,  Not practicing safe sex, Poor Hygiene and weakened immune system may cause cervical cancer. So changing life styles and taking vaccination can prevent most of the Breast and Cervical Cancer chances.